The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world’s great writers. Before   36    this question, it will be useful to introduce some   37  concepts. Conflict,  38   as opposition among  social units-or individuals-directed against one another, is  39 from competition, which    40   opposition among social units   41  seeking to obtain something which is   42   inadequate supply. Competitors may not know about one another, which those who   43  in a conflict do. Conflict and competition are both   44   of opposition. The meaning of opposition has been stated as a process by which social unit function in the disservice of one another, opposition is   45  contrasted to cooperation, a   46   by which social units function in the service of one another. These   47   are necessary because it is important to emphasize that    competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited   48  , but conflict isn’t . Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur and is probably an essential and desirable   49  of human societies.

Many authors have 50 their arguments that war cannot be avoided on the idea that in the struggle for existence among groups of animals, only those which are best 51 remain alive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Those who fail in this competition 52 starve

to death or are 53 by other types of animals. This struggle for 54 is not similar to human war, but is like the competition of 55 for jobs, markets, and materials. The most important quality of this struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are not enough to satisfy all.

36.A.considering    B.solving C.answering    D.saying

37.A.related    B.used     C.translated    D.sacred

38.A.specified B.remarked     C.defined       D.claimed

39.A.variable  B.distinguished      C.various D.isolated

40.A.acknowledged       B.denies  C.assumes       D.means

41.A.critically B.approximately     C.independently     D.costly

42.A.on   B.for       C.with     D.in

43.A.enter      B.participate   C.fall      D.involve

44.A.formations     B.classes  C.terms   D.reactions

45.A.nevertheless   B.however      C.thus     D.maybe

46.A.procession     B.standard      C.process D.measurement

47.A.accounts B.definitions   C.descriptions D.explanations

48.A.resources       B.origins C.sources D.materials

49.A.matter    B.element       C.event   D.coincidence

50.A.concentrated  B.fixed    C.centered      D.based

51.A.encouraged    B.accepted      C.adapted       D.adopted

52.A.not only B.either   C.neither D.both

53.A.killed     B.raised   C.fired    D.surrounded

54.A.resistence       B.privilege     C.favour  D.employment

55.A.workers  B.officials      C.individuals  D.residents

答案

36---55      AACBD   CDBBC   CBABD   CBAAC

解析

36.A 考虑这个问题之前，有必要介绍一些与之相关的概念。

37.A “相关的概念”，应用related。

38.C  define, “解释”，“下定义”，后面经常接as; specify,“指定”，“指明”。The regulations specify that you may use a dictionary in the examination。remark,“说”。claim,“要求承认某人之身份，所有权”。Does anyone claim this umbrella? 有没有人认领这把伞？冲突，指的是社会单位，团体或个人之间的对抗。它与“竞争”不同。竞争指的是社会单位间为夺取一种不足够的供应而进行的对抗。

39.B   distinguish from区别，不同；variable与various(多样的)后面一般不接from; isolated “与……隔离开来”。

40.D 对前面competition的解释，“意味着”。

41.C  critically批判地；approximately大致地；independently 独立地；不受控制地；costly形容词，昂贵的。根据文中含义，“竞争对手各自寻求物质，所以才会有冲突”。所以此外选C为宜。

42.D   in short(inadequate) supply“缺乏的”为固定搭配，一般不用其它介词。

43.B   enter in登记姓名，细节等。例：enter in an item in an account book将一笔账记入账本；fall in陷入，例fall in love with sb. involve in“卷入”，一般为卷入某个事件；participate in参与。竞争者们可能彼此不了解，而冲突者们则熟识对方。

44.B   formation,构成;terms,术语;reactions,反映;classes在此处指“种类，类别”。冲突和竞争都属于对抗。

45.C  选这类连接副词时，关键是弄清句与句之间意义关系。上句讲到对抗就是彼此不服务。这句讲到合作就是彼此服务。他们之间连接词自然就是“因此”了，因此他们相反。对抗与合作相反。合作指的是社会单位互相服务。

46.C  procession队伍，行列；standard标准；process过程；measurement衡量。上句中谈到对抗是彼此不服务时，用的是“a process by which social...”,此处与上句这部分结构完全相同，就可套用process一词。

47.B  accounts叙述；definitions，定义，概念；descriptions,描述；explanations，解释。文章第二句话是第一自然段主题句：介绍几个概念，然后作者分别介绍。本题中用these definitions“这些概念”则与上文浑然一体。对这些定义的理解非常必要，因为有必要强调，个人或团体之间的竞争在这个资源有限的世界是难免的，而冲突则是可免的。

48.A  resource资源，指国家、人类或个人所拥有的人力及物力，例：We must exploit the natural resources of our country. 我们必须开发本国的天然资源。source指河的源头：the source of Nile尼罗河的发源地。source还指出处，来源，例：The news comes from a reliable source.这项消息出自可靠的来源。origin起源，the origin of a quarrel 争吵的起因。此空前为a world of limited一个有限资源的世界，因此选A。

49.B 冲突很可能发生，它可能是人类社会必不可少、值得得到的要素。

50.D  base...on... 把……建立在……上。

51.C 只有那些适应（能力）强的才活下来。

52.B 看到or就会想到either; not only...but also; neither...nor...,both...and都是固定搭配。在竞争中失败的动物，要不就是饿死，要不就被别的动物杀死。

53.A 由前句starve to death和or可知，此处应同death意义相近。

54.A 为生存的抗争不同于人类战争。

55.C  由后面的jobs, markets and materials可知，此处应填“个人”。 workers, officials和residents（居民）都以偏概全。